_{[3]        Jamal, s. 245}

_{[4]        UN-Doc. S/RES/ 1556 (2004) ve UN-Doc. S/RES/ 1574 ( 2004).}

_{[5]        UN-Doc. S/RES/ 1547 (2004)}

_{[6]        UN-Doc. S/RES/ 1556 (2004)}

_{[7]        UN-Doc. S/RES/ 1569 (2004)}

_{[8]        Güney Sudan’daki en güçlü muhalif gruptur.}

_{[9]         Tull, Der Sudan nach dem Naivasha-Friedensvertrag, SWP-Aktuell, Januar 2005, Internet: http://www.swp-berlin.org/common/get_document.php?asset_id:=1876, (23.04. 2008).}

_{[10]       Nohlen, s. 704.}

_{[11]       Letter dated 06/01/09 from the Permanent Representative of Ethiopia to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council, S/1996/}

_{[12]       UN-Doc. S/RES/ 1044 (1996) -4.op.para: “Calls upon the Government of the Sudan to comply with the requests of the Organization of African Unity without further delay to: (a) Undertake immediate action to extradite to Ethiopia for prosecution the three suspects sheltering in the Sudan and wanted in connection with the assassination attempt on the basis of the 1964 Extradition Treaty between Ethiopia and the Sudan;}

_{(b) Desist from engaging in activities of assisting, supporting and facilitating terrorist activities and from giving shelter and sanctuaries to terrorist elements and act in its relations with its neighbours and with others in full conformity with the Charter of the United Nations and with the Charter of the Organization of African Unity;”}

_{[13]       UN-Doc. S/RES/ 1054 (1996),}

_{[14]       UN-Doc. S/RES/ 1054 (1996) -10.pr. para.: “Determining that the non-compliance by the Government of Sudan with the requests set out in paragraph 4 of resolution 1044 (1996) constitutes a threat to international peace and security,”}

_{[15]       UN-Doc. S/RES/ 1054 (1996) -3.op.para: Decides that all States shall:(a) Significantly reduce the number and the level of the staff at Sudanese diplomatic missions and consular posts and restrict or control the movement within their territory of all such staff who remain; (b) Take steps to restrict the entry into or transit through their territory of members of the Government of Sudan, officials of that Government and members of the Sudanese armed forces;”}

_{[16]       Bkz. bu konuda Kaul, Hans-Peter: Die Sanktionsausschüsse des Sicherheitsrates. Ein Einblick in Arbeitsweise und Verfahren, VN 44 (1996), s. 97.}

_{[17]       UN-Doc. S/RES/ 1054 ( 1996) -2.op.para: Decides that the provisions set out in paragraph 3 below shall come into force at 00.01 Eastern Standard Time on 10 May 1996, and shall remain in force until the Council determines that the Government of Sudan has complied with paragraph 1 above;”}

_{[18]       UN-Doc. S/RES/ 1070 (1996) -3.op.para: “Decides that all States shall deny aircraft permission to take off from, land in, or overfly their territories if the aircraft is registered in Sudan, or owned, leased or operated by or on behalf of Sudan Airways or by any undertaking, wherever located or organized, which is substantially owned or controlled by Sudan Airways, or owned, leased or operated by the Government or public authorities of Sudan, or by an undertaking, wherever located or organized, which is substantially owned or controlled by the Government or public authorities of Sudan;”}

_{[19]      Assessing the Humanitarian Impact of Sanctions on the Sudan, Humanitarian Report 1997, <http://www.relierweb.int/ocha_ol/pub/humrep97/impact.html>, (12. 08.2010).}

_{[20]       Hufbauer/Oegg, Targeted Sanctions: A Policy Alternative?, Law and Policy in International Business 32 (2000), s. 14.}

_{[21]       „Der Sudan feiert ein Comeback", NZZ, O1. Ekim 2001.}

_{[22]       UN-Doc.S/RES/1372 (2001).}

_{[23]       Shamal Darfur, Gharb Darfur und Janub Darfur.}

_{[24]       Bkz. „Vollendete Tatsachen in Darfur - Um seine Herrschaft in der Region zu sichern, forciert Khartum die Erdölförderung", NZZ, 5 Aralık 2004.}

_{[25]       Merkezde “Sudanese Liberation Army (SLA)” ve “Justice and Equality Movement (JEM)” bulunmak­tadır. SLA bağımsız seküler bir devlet hedeflemekteydi. JEM’in hedefi ise Kartum’daki rejimi devir­mekti.}

_{[26]     UN-Doc. S/RES/ 1547 (2004) -6.pr.para: “Condemning all acts of violence and violations of human rights and international humanitarian law by all parties...".}

_{[27]       UN-Doc. S/RES/ 1556 (2004) -21.pr.para.:“Determining that the situation in Sudan constitutes a threat to international peace and security and to stability in the region,”}

_{[28]       UN-Doc. S/RES/ 1556 (2004) -7.op.para.:“Decides that all states shall take the necessary measures to prevent the sale or supply, to all non-governmental entities and individuals, including the Janjaweed, operating in the states of North Darfur, South Darfur and West Darfur, by their nationals or from their territories or using their flag vessels or aircraft, of arms and related materiel of all types, including weapons and ammunition, military vehicles and equipment, paramilitary equipment, and spare parts for the aforementioned, whether or not originating in their territories;”}

_{[29]       UN-Doc. S/RES/ 1556 (2004) -7.pr.para.: “Reiterating its grave concern at the ongoing humanitarian crisis and widespread human rights violations, including continued attacks on civilians that are placing the lives of hundreds of thousands at risk,...".}

_{[30]       UN-Doc. S/RES/ 1556 ( 2004) -10.pr.para.:“Urging all the parties to take the necessary steps to prevent and put an end to violations of human rights and international humanitarian law...".}

_{[31]       UN-Doc. S/RES/ 1556 (2004) -8.pr.para.: “Condemning all acts of violence and violations of human rights and international humanitarian law by all parties to the crisis, in particular by the Janjaweed, including indiscriminate attacks on civilians, rapes, forced displacements, and acts of violence especially those with an ethnic dimension...".}

_{[32]     uN-Doc. S/RES/1556 (2004) -1.op.para.: “Calls on the Government of Sudan to fulfill immediately all of the commitments it made in the 3 July 2004 Communique, including particularly by facilitating international relief for the humanitarian disaster by means of a moratorium on all restrictions that might hinder the provision of humanitarian assistance and access to the affected populations, by advancing independent investigation in cooperation with the United Nations of violations of human rights and international humanitarian law, by the establishment of credible security conditions for the protection of the civilian population and humanitarian actors, and by the resumption of political talks with dissident groups from the Darfur region, especially the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) and the Sudan Liberation Movement and Sudan Liberation Army (SLM/A) on Darfur;”}

_{[33]       UN-Doc. S/RES/ 1556 (2004) -6.op.para.:“Demands that the Government of Sudan fulfil its commitments to disarm the Janjaweed militias and apprehend and bring to justice Janjaweed leaders and their associates who have incited and carried out human rights and international humanitarian law violations and other atrocities,...".}

_{[34]       UN-Doc. S/RES/ 1556 (2004) -10.pr.para.: “Urging all the parties to take the necessary steps to prevent and put an end to violations of human rights and international humanitarian law...".}

_{[35]       UN-Doc. S/RES/ 1556 (2004) -14.pr.para.: “Encourages the Secretary-General's Special Representative for Sudan and the independent expert of the Commission on Human Rights to work closely with the Government of Sudan in supporting independent investigation of violations of human rights and international humanitarian law in the Darfur region;”}

_{[36]       UN-Doc. S/RES/ 1556 (2004) -6.op.para.:“Demands.. ..and further requests the Secretary- General to report in 30 days, and monthly thereafter, to the Council on the progress or lack thereof by the Government of Sudan on this matter and expresses its intention to consider further actions, including measures as provided for in Article 41 of the Charter of the United Nations on the Government of Sudan, in the event of non-compliance;”}

_{[37]     UN-Doc. S/RES/ 1564 (2004) -9.pr.para: “Expressing grave concern at the lack of progress with regard to security and the protection of civilians, disarmament of the Janjaweed militias and identification and bringing to justice of the Janjaweed leaders responsible for human rights and international humanitarian law violation in Darfur,...".}

_{[38]       UN-Doc.S/RES/ 1564 (2004) -8.pr.para: “Urging the Government of Sudan and the rebel groups to facilitate this humanitarian relief by allowing unfettered access for humanitarian supplies and workers, including across Sudan's borders with Chad and Libya by land and by air as may be required,...".}

_{[39]       UN-Doc. S/RES/ 1564 (2004) -11.pr.para: “Stressing that the Sudanese rebel groups, particularly the Justice and Equality Movement and the Sudanese Liberation Army/Movement, must also take all necessary steps to respect international humanitarian and human rights law,...".}

_{[40]       UN-Doc. S/ReS/ 1564 (2004) -7.op.para: ,...Reiterates its call for the Government of Sudan to end the climate of impunity in Darfur by identifying and bringing to justice all those responsible, including members of popular defense forces and Janjaweed militias, for the widespread human rights abuses and violations of international humanitarian law, and insists that the government of Sudan take all appropriate steps to stop all violence and atrocities;...".}

_{[41]       UN-Doc. S/RES/ 1564 (2004) -7.op.para: “Demands all armed groups, including rebel forces, cease all violence, cooperate with international humanitarian relief and monitoring efforts and ensure that their members comply with international humanitarian law, and facilitate the safety and security of humanitarian staff;...".}

_{(42) UN-Doc. S/RES/ 1564 (2004) -12.op.para „Requests that the Secretary-General rapidly establish an international commission of inquiry in order immediately to investigate reports of violations of international humanitarian law and human rights law in Darfur by all parties, to determine also whether or not acts of genocide have occurred, and to identify the perpetrators of such violations with a view to ensuring that those responsible are held accountable,...".}

_{[43]       Bkz. UN-Doc. S/RES/ 1564 ( 2004) -3.op.para: “Urges Member States to support the African Union in these efforts including by providing all equipment, logistical, financial, material, and other resources necessary to support the rapid expansion of the African Union Mission and by supporting the efforts of the African Union aimed at a peaceful conclusion of the crisis and the protection of the welfare of the people of Darfur, welcomes the Government of Sudan’s request to the African Union to increase its monitoring presence in Darfur in its 9 September 2004 letter to the Security Council, and urges the Government of Sudan to take all steps necessary to follow through with this commitment and to cooperate fully with the African Union to ensure a secure and stable environment;}

_{[44]      African Union Mission in the Sudan (AMIS), bkz Communique des Peace and Security Council der Afrikanischen Union (20. Oktober 2004), <http://www.africa-union.org/DARFURyhomedar. htm>, (12.08. 2010).}

_{[45]       UN-Doc. S/RES/ 1564 (2004) -9.op.para: “Demands that the Government of Sudan submit to the African Union Mission for verification documentation, particularly the names of Janjaweed militiamen disarmed and names of those arrested for human rights abuses and violations of international humanitarian law, with regard to its performance relative to resolution 1556 (2004) and the 8 April 2004 N’djamena ceasefire agreement;}

_{[46]       UN-Doc.S/RES/ 1564(2004) -14.op.para: “Declares that the Council, in the event the Government of Sudan fails to comply fully with resolution 1556 (2004) or this resolution, including, as determined by the Council after consultations with the African Union, failure to cooperate fully with the expansion and extension of the African Union monitoring mission in Darfur, shall consider taking additional measures as contemplated in Article 41 of the Charter of the United Nations, such as actions to affect Sudan’s petroleum sector and the Government of Sudan or individual members of the Government of Sudan, in order to take effective action to obtain such full compliance or full cooperation;”}

_{[47]    UN-Doc. S/RES/ 1564 (2004) -12.op.para: “Requests that the Secretary-General rapidly establish an international commission of inquiry in order immediately to investigate reports of violations of international humanitarian law and human rights law in Darfur by all parties, to determine also whether or not acts of genocide have occurred, and to identify the perpetrators of such violations with a view to ensuring that those responsible are held accountable, calls on all parties to cooperate fully with such a commission, and further requests the Secretary-General, in conjunction with the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, to take appropriate steps to increase the number of human rights monitors deployed to Darfur;”}

_{[48]       UN-Doc. S/RES/ 1574 (2004): “Expressing its serious concern at the growing insecurity and violence in Darfur, the dire humanitarian situation, continued violations of human rights and repeated breaches of the ceasefire,...".}

_{[49]       UN-Doc. S/RES/ 1574 (2004) -9.pr.para: “Condemning all acts of violence and violations of human rights and international humanitarian law by all parties...".}

_{[50]       UN-Doc. S/RES/ 1574 (2004) -11.pr.para:“..also recalling the primary responsibility of the Sudanese Government to protect its population within its territory and to maintain law and order, while respecting human rights,...".}

_{[51]      UN-Doc. S/RES/ 1574 (2004) -11.op.para: “Demands that Government and rebel forces and all other armed groups immediately cease all violence and attacks, including abduction, refrain from forcible re-location of civilians, cooperate with international humanitarian relief and monitoring efforts, ensure that their members comply with international humanitarian law, facilitate the safety and security of humanitarian staff, and reinforce throughout their ranks their agreements to allow unhindered access and pas-sage by humanitarian agencies and those in their employ, in accordance with its resolution 1502 (2003) of 26 August 2003 on the access of humanitarian workers to populations in need and with the Abuja Protocols of 9 November 2004;”}

_{[52]       Ruhe vor den Antonows über Darfur? Khartum und die Rebellen erzielen Teilabkommen", NZZ, 12. Kasım 2004.}

_{[53]       Report of the International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur to the Secretary-General, 25 Ocak 2005, UN-Doc. S/2005/60.}

_{[54]       ,,Khartum schwerster Verbrechen verdaechtigt", NZZ, 2. Februar 2005.}

_{[55]       UN-Doc. S/RES/1590(2005) -12,pr.para: “Strongly condemning all violations of human rights and international humanitarian law in the Darfur region, in particular the continuation of violence against civilians and sexual violence against women and girls since the adoption of resolution 1574 (2004),..."; ayrıca bkz. UN-Doc. S/RES/ 1591 (2005).}

_{[56]       UN-Doc. S/ReS/ 1591 (2005) -1.op.para: “..., including air strikes by the Government of Sudan in December 2004 and January 2005 and rebel attacks on Darfur villages in January 2005, and the failure of the Government of Sudan to disarm Janjaweed leaders and their associates who have carried out human rights and international humanitarian law violations and other atrocities...".}

_{[57]       UN-Doc. S/RES/ 1591 (2006) pr.}

_{[58]       UN-Doc. S/RES/ 1591 (2006) -1 .para..: “Deplores strongly that the Government of Sudan and rebel forces and all other armed groups in Darfur have failed to comply fully with their commitments and the demands of the Council referred to in resolutions 1556 (2004), 1564 (2004), and 1574 (2004)..;”}

_{(59) UN-Doc. S/RES/ 1591 (2005) -3/d,-3/e.op.para: (d): “that all States shall take the necessary measures to prevent entry into or transit through their territories of all persons as designated by the Committee pursuant to subparagraph (c) above, provided that nothing in this paragraph shall obligate a State to refuse entry into its territory to its own nationals; (e) that all States shall freeze all funds, financial assets and economic resources that are on their territories on the date of adoption of this resolution or at any time thereafter, that are owned or controlled, directly or indirectly, by the persons designated by the Committee pursuant to subparagraph (c) above, or that are held by entities owned or controlled, directly or indirectly, by such persons or by persons acting on their behalf or at their direction, and decides further that all States shall ensure that no funds, financial assets or economic resources are made available by their nationals or by any persons within their territories to or for the benefit of such persons or entities;”}

_{[60]       UN-Doc. S/RES/ 1591 (2005) -3/c.op.para: (c): “ that those individuals, as designated by the Committee established by subparagraph (a) above, based on the information provided by Member States, the Secretary-General, the High Commissioner for Human Rights or the Panel of Experts established under subparagraph (b) of this paragraph above, and other relevant sources, who impede the peace process, constitute a threat to stability in Darfur and the region, commit violations of international humanitarian or human rights law or other atrocities, violate the measures implemented by Member States in accordance with paragraphs 7 and 8 of resolution 1556 (2004) and paragraph 7 of this resolution as implemented by a state, or are responsible for offensive military over flights described in paragraph 6 of this resolution, shall be subject to the measures identified in subparagraphs (d) and (e) below;”}

_{[61]       1591-Komite’si için bkz. <http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/commit-tees/SudanTemplate.htm>, (12. 08 2010).}

_{[62]       UN-Doc. S/RES/ 1591 (2005) -7.op.para: “ further decides that these measures shall not apply to movements of military equipment and supplies into the Darfur region that are approved in advance by the Committee established under paragraph 3 (a) upon a request by the Government of Sudan; and invites the African Union Ceasefire Commission to share pertinent information as appropriate in this regard with the Secretary-General, the Committee, or the Panel of Experts established under paragraph 3 (b);”}

_{[63]       UN-Doc. S/RES/ 1591 (2005) -3/f,3/g.op.para: “(f) that the measures imposed by subparagraph (d) above shall not apply where the Committee established by subparagraph (a) above determines on a case by case basis that such travel is justified on the ground of humanitarian need, including religious obligation, or where the Committee concludes that an exemption would otherwise further the objectives of the Council’s resolutions for the creation of peace and stability in Sudan and the region; (g) that the measures imposed by subparagraph (e) of this resolution do not apply to funds, other financial assets and economic resources that: i. have been determined by relevant States to be necessary for basic expenses, including payment for foodstuffs, rent or mortgage, medicines and medical treatment, taxes, insurance premiums, and public utility charges or for payment of reasonable professional fees and reimbursement of incurred expenses associated with the provision of legal services, or fees or service charges, in accordance with national laws, for routine holding or maintenance of frozen funds, other financial assets and economic resources, after notification by the relevant States to the Committee of the intention to authorize, where appropriate, access to such funds, other financial assets and economic resources and in the absence of a negative decision by the Committee within two working days of such notification; ii. have been determined by relevant States to be necessary for extraordinary expenses, provided that such determination has been notified by the relevant States to the Committee and has been approved by the Committee, or iii. have been determined by relevant States to be the subject of a judicial, administrative or arbitral lien or judgment, in which case the funds, or other financial assets and economic resources may be used to satisfy that lien or judgment provided that the lien or judgment was entered prior to the date of the present resolution, is not for the benefit of a person or entity designated by the Committee, and has been notified by the relevant States to the Committee;”}

_{[64]       UN-Doc. S/RES/ 1591 (2005) -4.op.para: “Decides that the measures referred to in subparagraphs 3 (d) and (e) shall enter into force 30 days from the date of adoption of this resolution, unless the Security Council determines before then that the parties to the conflict in Darfur have complied with all the commitments and demands referred to in paragraph above and paragraph 6 below; “}

_{[65]       UN-Doc. S/RES/ 1591 (2005) -5.op.para: “Expresses its readiness to consider the modification or termination of the measures under paragraph 3, on the recommendation of the Committee or at the end of a period of 12 months from the date of adoption of this resolution, or earlier if the Security Council determines before then that the parties to the conflict in Darfur have complied with all the commitments and demands referred to in paragraph 1 above and paragraph 6 below;”}

_{[66]       UN-Doc. S/RES/ 1591 (2005) -6.op.para: “Demands that the Government of Sudan, in accordance with its commitments under the 8 April 2004 N’djamena Ceasefire Agreement and the 9 November 2004 Abuja Security Protocol, immediately cease conducting offensive military flights in and over the Darfur region, and invites the African Union Ceasefire Commission to share pertinent information as appropriate in this regard with the Secretary-General, the Committee, or the Panel of Experts established under paragraph 3 (b);”}

_{[67]       UN-Doc. S/RES/ 1663 (2005) -8.pr.para.: “Expressing its deep concern at the movement of arms and armed groups across borders such as the long running and brutal insurgency by the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) which has caused the death, abduction and displacement of many innocent civilians in the Sudan,...".}

_{[68]      UN-Doc. S/RES/1706 (2006) -8.pr.para.: “.calling upon the Government of National Unity to take urgent action to tackle gender-based violence in Darfur including action towards implementing its Action Plan to Combat Violence Against Women in Darfur with particular focus on the rescission of Form 8 and access to legal redress,...".}

_{[69]       UN-Doc. S/RES/1706 (2006) -8.pr.para.: “...calling upon all parties, in particular the Government of National Unity, to ensure, in accordance with relevant provisions of international law, the full safe and unhindered access of relief personnel to all those in need in Darfur as well as the delivery of humanitarian assistance, in particular to internally displaced persons and refugees,...".}

_{[70]       UN-Doc. S/RES/1714 (2006) -7.pr.para.:“Expressing its grave concern over the recruitment and use of children in conflict in the Sudan, particularly by Other Armed Groups in southern Sudan,...".}

_{[71]      UN-Doc. S/RES/ 1755 (2007) -10.pr.para.: “Reiterating its concern over the restrictions and bureaucratic impediments placed on UNMIS movements and materiel, and the adverse impact such restrictions and impediments have on UNMIS' ability to perform its mandate effectively and on the ability of the humanitarian community to reach affected persons;..."; aynı şekilde bkz. UN-Doc. S/RES/ 1784 (2007).}

_{[72]       UN-Doc. S/RES/1755(2007) -12.pr.para. : “Expressing its concern over the information about the treatment following the 19 January 2007 arrests and detentions of personnel from the United Nations, African Union Mission in the Sudan (AMIS), and international non-governmental organizations in Nyala, South Darfur;...".}

_{[73]       UN-Doc. S/RES/1755 (2007) -11.pr.para.:“...condemning continued violent attacks on civilians, including displaced persons, refugees, women, children, the elderly and humanitarian workers;...".}

_{[74]       UN-Doc. S/RES/1755 (2007) -14.pr.para.:“...condemning the recent fatal attacks on AMIS,...".}

_{[75]      UN-Doc. S/RES/ 1769 (2007) -12.pr.para.: “Noting with strong concern on-going attacks on the civilian population and humanitarian workers and continued and widespread sexual violence, including as out-lined in the report of the Secretary-General and the chairperson of the African Union Commission on the Hybrid Operation in Darfur and the report of the Secretary-General of 23 February 2007,...".}

_{[76]       UN-Doc. S/RES/ 1769 (2007) -13.pr.para.:“...condemning those parties to the conflict who have failed to ensure the full, safe and unhindered access of relief personnel to all those in need in Darfur as well as the delivery of humanitarian assistance, in particular to internally displaced persons and refugees,...".}

_{[77]       UN-Doc. S/RES/ 1769 (2007) -12.pr.para.: :“...emphasizing the need to bring to justice the perpetrators of such crimes and urging the Government of Sudan to do so,...".}

_{[78]       UN-Doc. S/RES/ 1769 (2007) -14.pr.para.: : “Demanding that there should be no aerial bombings and the use of United Nations markings on aircraft used in such attacks,...";. aynı şekilde bkz. UN- Doc. S/RES/ 1779 (2007).7}

_{[79]      UN-Doc. S/RES/ 1769 (2007) -14.op.para.: “Demands an immediate cessation of hostilities and attacks on AMIS, civilians and humanitarian agencies, their staff and assets and relief convoys, and further demands that all parties to the conflict in Darfur fully co-operate with AMIS, civilians and humanitarian agencies, their staff and assets and relief convoys, and give all necessary assistance to the deployment of the United Nations Light and Heavy Support Packages to AMIS, and to UNAMID;...".}

_{(80)       UN-Doc. S/RES/ 1769 (2007) -17.op.para.: “Calls on all concerned parties to ensure that the protection of children is addressed in the implementation of the Darfur Peace Agreement, and requests the Secretary-General to ensure continued monitoring and reporting of the situation of children and continued dialogue with parties to the conflict towards the preparations of time-bound action plans to end recruitment and use of child soldiers and other violations against children;...".}